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How to Properly Use PAC

2026-02-28

How to Properly Use PAC

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Determine the Optimal Dosage

The PAC dosage should be determined based on water quality and experimental results. Typically, a jar test is conducted: PAC is added at different concentrations to observe the floc formation rate and water clarity. In general, 10–50 mg/L is used for drinking water treatment, and 30–200 mg/L for industrial wastewater treatment. The optimal dose should form dense flocs quickly and achieve the lowest turbidity. Overdosing can lead to residual aluminum ions or renewed turbidity, so precise dosing is critical.

Pre-dilution

To ensure full reaction and even dispersion of PAC, it should be pre-diluted before dosing. Typically:

For industrial wastewater treatment: prepare a 5%–10% solution.

For drinking water treatment: prepare a 1%–3% solution.

Use clean water for dilution and stir thoroughly to avoid clumping or sedimentation. The solution should be prepared as needed to prevent hydrolysis or precipitation over time.

PH Adjustment

PAC performs best in a pH range of 5.0–9.0, with 6.5–7.5 being ideal. If the raw water is too acidic, lime or sodium carbonate can be added. If too alkaline, dilute sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid can be used for neutralization. Proper pH not only improves coagulation efficiency but also reduces residual aluminum and enhances water quality stability.

Mixing and Flocculation

After PAC is added, it goes through two stages: rapid mixing and slow flocculation.

Rapid Mixing (200–300 rpm, ~1 minute): Ensures thorough contact between the coagulant and suspended particles to complete charge neutralization.
Slow Flocculation (30–60 rpm, ~5–10 minutes): Promotes adsorption bridging and floc growth, gradually forming larger flocs.
Controlling stirring speed and time during this process helps produce dense flocs with good settling properties.

Sedimentation and Filtration

After floc formation, the process moves to sedimentation, where larger flocs settle to the bottom under gravity, completing solid-liquid separation. Sedimentation usually takes 30–60 minutes, depending on floc size and water temperature. The supernatant then undergoes sand filtration or membrane filtration to remove fine particles and residual impurities, yielding clear water.

This step significantly improves water clarity and safety, meeting standards for drinking or industrial reuse.

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