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The causes and solutions of the lumps in the dissolution of polyacrylamide Many polyacrylamide drug dissolving tanks in wastewater treatment plants have a thin layer of gelatinous residue and some large flocculent residues on the inside and bottom. No matter how long you stir it, the residue will not dissolve. If not handled properly, they usually cause a few unnecessary minor annoyances, and the residue can be a hassle to clean up. Some large flocks can also be taken out with hooks, and some small flocks are frightening. Polyacrylamide is an organic polymer flocculant with large molecular weights, generally on the order of millions to tens of millions. It expands, dissolves and then slowly dissolves. If a large amount is added at a time through manual dosing, and it cannot be added evenly and slowly, it will expand when it touches the water, and then the surface area will become larger, covering the part that has not touched the water (can be fished out). We have experienced engineers for technical service and support, please feel free to contact us for quotation and free samples.

INSTRUCTION OF FLOCCULANT What is Flocculant:   Flocculant, also named polyelectrolyte, it is a substance which promote the clumping of fine particles into a floc by charge neutralization and bridging functions. The floc may then float to the top of the liquid (flotation), settle to the bottom of the liquid (sedimentation), or be readily filtered from the liquid.   Charge-neutralized solids can be further agglomerated by using Flocculants. Flocculants can be thought of a sort of a “high-tech rope” tying particles together, thereby increasing particle size. Flocculants come in various charges, charge densities, molecular weights, and forms.  There are: · Anionic Flocculant & Nonionic Flocculant Mostly based on copolymers of acrylamide and acrylic acid, anionic/nonionic Flocculants possess a negative ionic charge and work by binding with residual cationic charges on coagulants adsorbed to coagulated colloids. Nonionic type contains low charge degrees. · Cationic Flocculant Mostly based on copolymers of AETAC (N,N-Dimethylaminoethyl Acrylate Methyl Chloride Quaternary) or METAC (N,N-Dimethylaminoethyl Methacrylate Methyl Chloride Quaternary) and acrylamide. These products can perform a dual function by both coagulating with their positive ionic charge and flocculating with their high molecular weight. What is its Flocculation: How to use the Flocculant:   l Dissolving concentration: Flocculant should be standardly be dissolved to 0.1-0.5% concentration.   Procedure and precautions upon dispersion and dissolving flocculant: 1. Dissolving Time: The time required to dissolve the flocculant varies according to the type of flocculant , water quality, temperature and agitation. However, most flocculants generally require around 40-60 minutes of agitation to completely dissolve the powder. Incomplete mixture of flocculant or lumping may inhibit the performance of the flocculant .   2. Agitation Speed: The ideal revolution of the agitator is between 200-400rpm. A high speed agitator operating without reducing the revolution of a motor is not advised, since it may cut the molecules of the flocculant. An ideal agitator motor should be of 1HP for a 1-2m3 mixing tank.   l Application and Dosage: The dosage range of varies from 0.5 - 15.0 ppm depending upon the type of effluent and applications. Advised to do jar tests for evaluating the functioning and approximate dosage.   l Jar Test: Put sample of effluent in a beaker and add it as designated, agitate for 1 minute at 100-120 rpm and then slowly agitate at 60rpm. Determine the flocs properly at this time and note the sedimentation and clarity of top solution. Application Experience Reference: Application filed Use Type Dosage Aluminum smelting furnace Circulating water, impurities removal in the production process Anionic: 10-15million 3-8ppm (3-8gram per ton) Brine clarification Calcium and magnesium ions removal Anionic: 16-18million 1-3ppm Textile/Leather Wastewater treatment Anionic: 12-18million Cationic: 6-10million 1-7ppm Bentonite production Increase the viscosity of swelling Anionic: 16-20million 2-5ppm Concrete Water reducing Anionic: 10-12million 1.2kg per ton Coal washing Slime, slag sedimentation Anionic: 10-15million 3-8ppm Gold mining Cyanidation process Anionic: 12-16million 3-4ppm Phosphoric acid Production process purification Anionic: 10-14million 5-10ppm Plating Heavy metal. Hydroxide treatment Nonionic: 8-10million 1-3ppm Flotation agent Improved particle size before flotation Anionic: 12-18million 3-6ppm Steel mills Circulating water treatment Anionic: 12-16million 5-7ppm Sludge dewatering By filters Cationic: 8-12

.gtr-container-x7y2z9 { font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, "Times New Roman", Arial, sans-serif; color: #333; line-height: 1.6; padding: 15px; overflow-x: auto; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 p { font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left !important; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 strong { font-weight: bold; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 .gtr-heading-main { font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; color: #0000FF; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-align: left; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 .gtr-heading-category { font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; color: #0000FF; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 .gtr-heading-item { font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: left; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 .gtr-section { margin-bottom: 2em; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 .gtr-item { margin-bottom: 1.5em; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 img { vertical-align: middle; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; } @media (min-width: 768px) { .gtr-container-x7y2z9 { padding: 25px; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 .gtr-heading-main { font-size: 20px; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 .gtr-heading-category { font-size: 18px; } } How many types of Coagulant? Organic Coagulants 1 Polydadmac (PDADMAC) Polydadmac (PDADMAC) is widely used as a flocculant in drinking water treatment, wastewater treatment and mining processes. Through charge neutralization and adsorption bridging mechanisms, PDADMAC destabilizes and flocculates suspended particles and negatively charged aqueous substances in water. It has remarkable effects in decolorization, algae killing and removal of organic matter. Similarly, the PDADMAC with NSF certification can be used for drinking water treatment. 2 Polyamine (PA) Poly(EPI-DMA), namely Polyamine (PA), is also an organic flocculant with excellent performance. When PA is used as a flocculant, its mechanism is electro-neutralization and adsorption bridging. Similarly, PA flocculants with NSF certification have a wide range of applications in drinking water treatment, especially with Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC). Inorganic Coagulants Inorganic flocculants are usually made of metal salts and have strong electrolytic reaction ability. When these flocculants dissolve in water, they release charged ions that neutralize the charge of the particles suspended in the water, thus encouraging the particles to aggregate into larger flocs. Common inorganic flocculants include Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC), Aluminum Sulfate, Ferric Chloride and so on. Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC) is an efficient inorganic flocculant, which is widely used in water treatment. It can effectively remove suspended matter, colloidal matter and organic pollutants in water through powerful electrolytic action and excellent flocculation performance. Polyaluminum chloride chemical is suitable for the treatment of drinking water, industrial wastewater, sewage and swimming pool water, with the advantages of low dose, high efficiency and environmental friendliness. Aluminium Chlorohydrate (ACH), similar to PAC, has superior charge neutralization ability and is a powerful coagulant and flocculant. Aluminum Sulfate (Alum): Alum is a traditional flocculant that has been used for decades. It is effective in treating drinking water and wastewater, but its use has declined due to the availability of more effective alternatives. Ferric Chloride: This inorganic flocculant is commonly used in wastewater treatment plants. It also effectively removes phosphates and heavy metals from water.

.gtr-container-x7y2z9 { font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, "Times New Roman", Arial, sans-serif; color: #333; line-height: 1.6; padding: 20px; margin: 0 auto; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 * { box-sizing: border-box; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 p { font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left !important; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 .gtr-title { font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; color: #0000FF; margin-bottom: 1.5em; text-align: left; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 .gtr-section-title { font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; color: #0000FF; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: left; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 ul, .gtr-container-x7y2z9 ol { margin: 0; padding: 0; list-style: none !important; margin-bottom: 1em; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 ul li, .gtr-container-x7y2z9 ol li { position: relative; padding-left: 20px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-size: 14px; text-align: left; list-style: none !important; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 ul li::before { content: "•" !important; position: absolute !important; left: 0 !important; color: #0000FF !important; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 ol { counter-reset: list-item; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 ol li::before { counter-increment: none; content: counter(list-item) "." !important; position: absolute !important; left: 0 !important; color: #0000FF !important; width: 18px; text-align: right; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 .gtr-table-wrapper { margin-bottom: 1em; overflow-x: auto; -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse !important; border-spacing: 0 !important; margin: 0; font-size: 14px; min-width: 600px; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 th, .gtr-container-x7y2z9 td { border: 1px solid #ccc !important; padding: 8px 12px !important; text-align: left !important; vertical-align: top !important; word-break: normal; overflow-wrap: normal; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 th { font-weight: bold !important; background-color: #f0f0f0 !important; color: #333; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 tbody tr:nth-child(even) { background-color: #f9f9f9 !important; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 img { height: auto; margin-bottom: 1em; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 .gtr-faq-question { font-weight: bold; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; color: #0000FF; font-size: 14px; text-align: left; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 .gtr-contact-info, .gtr-container-x7y2z9 .gtr-call-to-action { font-weight: bold; color: #0000FF; font-size: 14px; } @media (min-width: 768px) { .gtr-container-x7y2z9 { padding: 30px; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 .gtr-title { font-size: 20px; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 .gtr-section-title { font-size: 18px; } .gtr-container-x7y2z9 table { min-width: auto; } } What is the difference between Polyaluminium Chloride and Aluminium Chlorohydrate In the water treatment industry, Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) and Aluminium Chlorohydrate (ACH) are two commonly used high-efficiency coagulants that are often compared. While they share similarities in appearance and application scope, they differ significantly in chemical structure, flocculation mechanisms, treatment efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. For procurement managers of large-scale water treatment projects, understanding the differences between PAC and ACH is essential, as it directly affects treatment performance, cost control, and regulatory compliance. This article provides a comprehensive comparison of these two coagulants—covering chemical properties, treatment performance, application scenarios, and procurement considerations—to help buyers make informed and rational decisions. Let’s dive into a detailed comparison and uncover the strengths and limitations of PAC and ACH in modern water treatment. Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) is an inorganic polymer coagulant produced by hydrolysis and polymerization of aluminum salts under controlled conditions. It is a highly efficient coagulant that works by forming positively charged polymeric aluminum ions through hydrolysis, which neutralize charges, destabilize suspended solids, and promote the formation of flocs. Aluminium Chlorohydrate (ACH) Aluminium Chlorohydrate (ACH) is a high-concentration, pre-hydrolyzed aluminum coagulant typically found in colorless to light yellow liquid or powder form. It consists mainly of highly polymerized hydroxy-aluminum ions and is known for its very high basicity and excellent charge neutralization. Advantages of ACH: High basicity—requires minimal pH adjustment, reducing pH correction costs. Strong adaptability—performs better in low-temperature, low-turbidity conditions, ideal for winter or challenging scenarios. Lower residual aluminum—produces water with less aluminum residue, essential for drinking water safety. Stable liquid formula—has a longer shelf life than PAC solutions. High purity—suitable for sensitive industries like pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food, and beverage. Chemical and Performance Differences Feature Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Aluminium Chlorohydrate (ACH) Basicity 40–70% ≥80% Al₂O₃ Content 10–18% liquid / ~30% powder 23–24% Form Powder, granule, liquid Primarily liquid pH Range 5–9 5–9 (better in cold water) Sludge Production Moderate Lower sludge volume Residual Aluminum Low Very low Stability Powder very stable, liquid less so Liquid highly stable Cost Lower, widely used Higher, premium-grade Main Uses Municipal & industrial, wastewater Drinking water, pharma, cosmetics, ultrapure water FAQ What’s the difference between ACH and PAC? PAC and ACH are both efficient aluminum-based coagulants. ACH is a high-concentration, high-basicity variant of PAC with higher Al13 content and stronger charge neutralization. It requires lower dosage and leaves less residual aluminum. PAC is more cost-effective and versatile, widely used in municipal and industrial wastewater, while ACH’s higher basicity and lower residuals make it ideal for drinking water and premium applications. Which is better for drinking water: PAC or ACH? ACH is usually better for drinking water due to its lower residual aluminum and minimal pH impact at low dosages. PAC is also suitable, especially for large-scale municipal systems where cost-effectiveness is critical. Does ACH reduce residual aluminum better than PAC? Yes. ACH’s high basicity and polymerization allow for more efficient aluminum ion removal during treatment, significantly lowering residual aluminum levels in treated water. It is the preferred choice for high-standard potable water treatment. Conclusion Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) and Aluminium Chlorohydrate (ACH) are two vital aluminum-based coagulants, each with distinct advantages in the water treatment industry. Choosing between them depends on specific treatment goals. PAC remains the top choice for large-scale, cost-sensitive projects due to its affordability and wide applicability. ACH offers superior efficiency, lower residuals, and higher stability—making it the ideal solution for drinking water and specialized high-end industries. For buyers, the decision should consider water quality, performance targets, cost control, compliance requirements, and supply chain reliability. A well-informed selection between PAC and ACH ensures effective treatment, economic feasibility, and sustainable operations. OYI provides customized PAC and related water treatment chemicals (PAM, SDIC, TCCA) to global industrial clients. Backed by a 3,000 m² factory, ample inventory, and fast delivery, we help you achieve safe, compliant, and cost-effective water treatment solutions. Contact: oyi@oyipolymer.com Request samples, technical datasheets, and bulk procurement support.

Advantages of PAC Over Traditional Coagulants Stronger Coagulation Performance PAC is a high-molecular inorganic polymer containing polyhydroxy aluminum ions (e.g., Al₁₃, Al₁₅), with higher charge density and stronger charge neutralization capacity. It can more quickly neutralize the negative charges on suspended particles and promote rapid floc formation. Even under low turbidity or low temperature conditions, it maintains stable performance. In contrast, traditional agents like aluminum sulfate react more slowly, produce smaller and looser flocs, and offer less stable treatment results.   Wider PH Range PAC remains effective within a pH range of 5.0–9.0, while traditional coagulants often operate within narrower ranges (typically 6.5–7.5). This makes PAC more flexible and stable when treating various types of raw water (acidic, alkaline, industrial), reducing the need for frequent pH adjustments and lowering operational complexity and chemical costs.   Lower Dosage and Less Sludge Thanks to PAC’s high active content and strong reactivity, the required dosage is only 30%–60% of traditional coagulants for the same treatment effect. Additionally, the aluminum hydroxide flocs formed by PAC are dense and stable, resulting in significantly reduced sludge volume after settling and lower sludge dewatering and disposal costs.   Clearer Water and Higher Removal Rates The flocs formed by PAC settle faster and remove particles more thoroughly. It significantly improves the removal rate of turbidity, color, organics, iron, manganese, and other impurities, producing clearer and more transparent water. The resulting flocs are larger and denser, with excellent filtration performance, reducing the load on downstream filtration equipment.   Lower Corrosiveness and Longer Equipment Life Compared to ferric chloride and other traditional coagulants, PAC’s hydrolysis products are milder and less corrosive to metal equipment, coagulation tanks, and pipelines. This helps extend equipment lifespan and reduce maintenance costs. Environmentally and Health FriendlyPAC contains low residual aluminum and does not significantly alter water pH during treatment. Its flocs are easy to separate and pose no secondary pollution risk, meeting international drinking water standards (such as WHO, EPA, GB). Its coagulation by-products have minimal environmental impact, making it more suitable for drinking water and food industry water applications. Property / Coagulant PAC (Polyaluminium Chloride) Alum (Al₂(SO₄)₃) Ferric Chloride (FeCl₃) Effective pH Range 4–9 5.5–7.5 3–6 Floc Formation Speed Fast Moderate Slow Sludge Volume Low High High Residual Metal Low Higher Al³⁺ High Fe³⁺ Temperature Sensitivity Low High High Storage Stability Excellent Poor Moderate Cost Efficiency High Medium Medium Typical Dosage 30–70 mg/L 60–150 mg/L 80–120 mg/L Conclusion Polyaluminium chloride (PAC) has proven to be one of the most effective and reliable coagulants in modern water treatment. Its superior charge neutralization ability, broad pH adaptability, and low sludge production make it an ideal replacement for traditional coagulants like alum or iron salts. For large-scale water treatment plants and industrial users seeking stable performance, low operating costs, and long-term system reliability, PAC offers an outstanding and forward-looking solution.   Call to Action Looking for a reliable bulk supplier of Polyaluminium Chloride?   Contact Kesen from OYI now for technical data, samples, or a customized quote.   Email: oyi@oyipolymer.com whatsapp 8618795697338 Brand: OYI– Your Trusted Partner in Water Treatment Solutions.

How to Properly Use PAC Determine the Optimal Dosage The PAC dosage should be determined based on water quality and experimental results. Typically, a jar test is conducted: PAC is added at different concentrations to observe the floc formation rate and water clarity. In general, 10–50 mg/L is used for drinking water treatment, and 30–200 mg/L for industrial wastewater treatment. The optimal dose should form dense flocs quickly and achieve the lowest turbidity. Overdosing can lead to residual aluminum ions or renewed turbidity, so precise dosing is critical.   Pre-dilution To ensure full reaction and even dispersion of PAC, it should be pre-diluted before dosing. Typically:   For industrial wastewater treatment: prepare a 5%–10% solution. For drinking water treatment: prepare a 1%–3% solution. Use clean water for dilution and stir thoroughly to avoid clumping or sedimentation. The solution should be prepared as needed to prevent hydrolysis or precipitation over time.   PH Adjustment PAC performs best in a pH range of 5.0–9.0, with 6.5–7.5 being ideal. If the raw water is too acidic, lime or sodium carbonate can be added. If too alkaline, dilute sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid can be used for neutralization. Proper pH not only improves coagulation efficiency but also reduces residual aluminum and enhances water quality stability.   Mixing and Flocculation After PAC is added, it goes through two stages: rapid mixing and slow flocculation.   Rapid Mixing (200–300 rpm, ~1 minute): Ensures thorough contact between the coagulant and suspended particles to complete charge neutralization. Slow Flocculation (30–60 rpm, ~5–10 minutes): Promotes adsorption bridging and floc growth, gradually forming larger flocs. Controlling stirring speed and time during this process helps produce dense flocs with good settling properties.   Sedimentation and Filtration After floc formation, the process moves to sedimentation, where larger flocs settle to the bottom under gravity, completing solid-liquid separation. Sedimentation usually takes 30–60 minutes, depending on floc size and water temperature. The supernatant then undergoes sand filtration or membrane filtration to remove fine particles and residual impurities, yielding clear water.   This step significantly improves water clarity and safety, meeting standards for drinking or industrial reuse.